The National Health Service (NHS) was established in 1948 to provide equitable healthcare for all citizens. Over the years the NHS has gone under different REFORMs and changes. In 2002 the NHS launched one of its biggest changes in structure since its commencement in 1948. The scale of these changes are greater than those established following the white paper “Working for Patients” in 1989 (Conservative Government) that indicated the introduction of the internal market (focus on efficiency). This review therefore proposes to give a brief summarize of the STRUCTURAL changes and current structure of the NHS in the England. The NHS plan was published in July 2000 (Labour Government) and outlined a 10 year plan of investment in the NHS. This delineates a vision for a service planned around the patients and more responsive to patients’ needs. The Government emphasizes on the empowering of staff at all levels as a way to achieve this vision. "Shifting the Balance of Power" is part of the Government’s plans for implementation of the NHS Plan and has directed to the establishment of new structures. The main feature of change has been giving locally based Primary Care Trusts the role of running the NHS and, with the local authorities, improving health in their areas. The PCTs are receiving 75% of the NHS budget to act as primary services provider, commissioner (service purchaser), network developer and controller. In addition, all former Health Authorities have been abolished and new Strategic Health Authorities (SHA) have been created to serve larger areas and with a more strategic role. The SHAs are responsible for developing strategic frameworks for the local health service; performance of the local health service; and building capacity in the local health service. The Department of Health is also refocusing to reflect these changes, including the abolition of its Regional Offices and relegating some of its operational responsibilities to SHAs and other rganizations. While NHS Trusts (the organizations responsible for running most NHS hospitals, mental health and learning disability services, ambulance services and patient transport) continue to have the similar functions as before, they will have to create new working relationships with PCTs and SHAs. In addition Foundation Trust, which often referred ‘Foundation Hospitals’, were set up in April 2004 and are freestanding hospitals with greater autonomy within the NHS. New structures signify new relationships and partnerships both between NHS organizations and with other stakeholders. All NHS organizations locally - PCTs, Care Trusts and NHS Trusts -are now part of a single structure in which they are supposed accountable to SHAs, which are in turn accountable to Department of Health and ultimately to Secretary of State for Health. Relationships with other collaborators such as Local Authorities and voluntary organizations are also crucial, particularly for PCTs as they work towards improving health and integrating health and social care.  

Oil-exporting countries often escalate macroeconomic fluctuations by adopting cyclical fiscal policies. Empirical evidence shows that the main reason of instability in oil-exporting countries is the poor management of oil. In this study, after introducing a small open macroeconomic model with a dual managed floating exchange rate regime and estimating it using quarterly macroeconomic data of Iran, five fiscal rules, balanced budget rule (BBR), counter cyclical rule (CCR), STRUCTURAL surplus rule (SSR), government expenditure rule (EXR) and government revenue rule (INR) were introduced. To select the appropriate fiscal rule for Iran, two approaches are used: loss function and Bayes ratio approaches. The results show that both statistical and welfare criteria confirm that the appropriate rule for the Iranian economy is the SSR financial rule. In other words, because the bulk of government revenue comes from oil sales, following a STRUCTURAL budget surplus rule minimizes the negative effects of sharp fluctuations in oil, and the government budget is much better balanced. Also, a single-float managed exchange rate system, along with the selected fiscal rule, leads to higher social welfare.

Introduction: Considering the fact that the health REFORM plan has been implemented for five years, it is necessary to re-evaluate the plan and adapt it to the needs and macro policies of our society. Therefore, the current study aimed to use health-related scientific evidences together with the experiences, opinion, and expertise of field professionals to achieve priorities for health REFORM plan and adapt them to future needs of the country. Methods: This qualitative study was conducted in 2018. At first, scientific evidences were gathered through review of literature, and then a semi-structured interview was developed to collect data from 15 health professsionals and experts chosen through a snowball sampling method. Data were analyzed using content analysis method. Results: The results demonstrated the existence of 12 policies which were then prioritized by using Interpretive-STRUCTURAL Modelling. Conclusion. Evidence-based policymaking should be used as the main approach in health system, and careful attention should be paid to policies for the old, for preventing diseases and promoting mental health, for accident and incident, for modifying internal processes, such as electronic health records, and for developing health guidelines, referral system and family doctors.

An analysis of the banking system indicates that in recent years, the imbalance situation in some banks has worsened, such that, according to statistics published by the Central Bank, a significant portion of the increase in the monetary base, liquidity, and inflation has resulted from this intensification of imbalances in banks, and the continuation of the current situation is highly dangerous. A review of the banking literature shows that banks worldwide, alongside attracting public deposits, also engage in money creation, and these attracted or created resources are provided as loans to the private sector. The private sector, in turn, utilizes the resources obtained from banks for investment and enterprise operations. However, in Iran’s economy, the banking system, under a uniform monetary and banking framework, performs two different roles: that of a bank and that of an investment company. Weaknesses in the country’s monetary and banking laws—particularly Article 8 of the Law on Usury-Free Banking—have allowed banks to directly engage in investment. In other words, in Iran, the two entities of investment companies and banks have been merged. Exploiting this institutional (legal) weakness and the legal authority they possess to invest directly, banks have engaged in money creation and deposit mobilization, subsequently investing in various sectors and engaging in enterprise operations. Given that banks lack sufficient expertise in enterprise operations, first, they have invested public deposits in projects that have ultimately led to deadlock and resource freeze. Second, due to conflicts of interest, banks have viewed the private sector as a competitor and consequently have not extended the necessary loans to finance this sector. Therefore, the challenge of the banking system in Iran’s economy stems from the fact that the banking system’s structure was fundamentally formed in a defective manner and requires STRUCTURAL and institutional REFORMs and the adoption of tough decisions to return to the correct path. The present article seeks, based on historical-institutional analysis, content analysis, and pathology of the national banking system’s structure, to design and explain an evolutionary transition model from the current situation to the desired state, and to develop the architecture and STRUCTURAL REFORM of the banking system to reduce imbalance and strengthen the financing capacity of the private sector.

The second period of the Abbasid caliphs (232-322 AH) with the emergence of several factors, some of which were rooted in the policies of the rulers of the first Abbasid period, the prestige and concentration along with the authority of the caliphate institution faced a serious and deteriorating challenge. The caliphate system was a toy in the hands of the power-seekers who had seized the sovereign affairs. A few of the caliphs of the period started and pursued REFORMist efforts in various elements in order to restore the former status of the mentioned institution and, according to their belief, by identifying STRUCTURAL damages, gaining the satisfaction of the people and the properties of the society, and restoring the basic position of the caliphate. In the present research, it is tried to analyze the set of actions of REFORMer caliphs based on library studies and descriptive-analytical method. The findings of research mean that REFORM efforts in political, economic, military, social and scientific-educational dimensions have been more or less visible; But the achievements have not left a significant impact on the REFORM of the structure and its continuity.

Electricity industry in Iran has passed four evolutionary stages: regulation, deregulation, restructuring and privatization. Regulation increased the directorial and proprietorship role of the government. Deregulation changed the laws which had helped the continuity of the government role in electricity industry and therefore provided a legal framework for the private sector to contribute to power industry. Restructuring, disintegrated the vertical monopoly into production, transmission and distribution sectors. Privatization resulted in transferring the ownership of electricity units to non-governmental sectors. This paper tries to explain the effects of the Iranian electricity STRUCTURAL REFORM on the productivity of electricity industry by using DEA and Malmquist Index approaches. Results confirm that productivity has been improved, and show that the change in technical efficiency has contributed more than technological development to this process.

The third pillar of Plan on Economic Evolution, called "National Currency Valuation System REFORM" clarifies the importance of dropping zeros and changing national currency. This paper reviews similar experiences in other countries and calculates total cost of currency REFORM in Iran by analyzing banknotes and coin production, processing and destruction cost, software change in financial institutions and so on. The cost of REFORM in national currency is estimated about 2000 billion Tomans - almost equivalent to 37 percent of GNP or 1.4 percent of public budget in 1391. Results in this paper show that national currency REFORM will succeed if it is implemented in a large context called monetary REFORMs, which in turn will decrease the inflation expectations. Factors such as an independent central bank, proper exchange rate regimes and decreasing government budget deficit are crucial for the success of currency REFORM.

Competition law is a newcomer to the legal system recently. A sound understanding of competition policy can provide us with sufficient bases to apply a fundamental and normative view of the issues of competition law. The difference in supervision and regulation determines how the market functions and in order to understand this difference one must understand competition policy. Competition policy may be based on governmental support for national production and industry or on a non-interventional and regulatory posture. Moreover, supervision, based on the principle of non-intervention in the market mechanism, is rooted in liberal ideas; however, regulation, whether as a rule or an exception, is based on the assertion that the market has been ineffective in attaining its goals. Therefore, the government will resort to interventions to regulate inefficiencies.  This paper aims to analyze Supervisory Authority in Implementing Competitive Policy by employing the description method. In this article the author tries to first delineate competition policy, its related requirements and imposed deviations to the market. Then, by defining the supervisory entity and clarifying its distinction from the regulatory institutions, the author considers the characteristics of an appropriate supervisory entity conducting a comparative study of this issue in Iran and the U.S.A. This form of Competition policy because of its applicable experiences which have been well described by recent scholarship is considered suitable for the native system.